Dominique Nicole Flores - Philstar.com
October 8, 2025 | 10:51am
MANILA, Philippines — A new study has warned that 15% to 30% of the Philippines’ land-dwelling vertebrates could vanish, with amphibians and mammals facing the highest risk of extinction.
In a study published in the October issue of Science of the Total Environment journal, researchers from the University of Southern Mindanao found that species endemic to the Philippines — those found nowhere else on Earth — are under severe threat due to rapid habitat loss, overexploitation and lack of research attention.
From deforestation, logging, infrastructure development, to illegal wildlife trade, conditions for animal habitat have been on decline in the Philippines, a country that hosts roughly three-fifths of vertebrate species that are "endemic," or those found nowhere else on Earth.
Yet, the researchers stressed that much of the country’s wildlife remains understudied—very concerning for a country known to be one of the world's 17 "megadiverse" nations in need of strong conservation measures.
What they did. The researchers analyzed the “life-history traits” of different species interact with external pressures affecting their survival, based on the International Union for Conversation of Nature's Red List, which classifies species around the world according to their risk of extinction.
Life-history traits describe the full life cycle of a species, encompassing growth, development, reproduction and death, with specific traits emerging at each stage. It is also linked to a species' fitness or ability to adapt. They compared these factors with existing data on extinction risk patterns.
1 in 4 could face extinction
The the study found that about one in four species could face extinction if current threats persist. Amphibians had the highest level of endemism and extinction risk. About 24% of the 114 amphibian species assessed were considered vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered. Mammals followed closely at 23%.
The first stacked bar chart shows the proportion of land-based vertebrates at risk according to vulnerability, while the second shows the proportion of endemic and non-endemic species.
Habitat loss and overexploitation to blame. The study also discovered habitat alteration and overexploitation as two of the major threats to Philippine terrestrial vertebrates, with species heavily affected by the destruction of their habitats. The Philippines currently records the highest deforestation rate in Southeast Asia.
Amphibians were also considered the most vulnerable to habitat loss, with about 87% in the Philippines severely impacted. Many are habitat specialists found only in mountain ranges and islands, making them more exposed to invasive species that compete for food and disrupt ecological balance.
About 87% of amphibians are severely affected by habitat loss, particularly those only found in isolated mountain ranges and islands. There, they are more exposed to invasive species that compete for food and disrupt ecological balance.
Birds, while more adaptable due their ability to migrate or move across areas, are not spared, as 37% remain affected by deforestation and urban expansion.
The study found that habitat breadth, or the the range of environments a species can survive in, was the most consistent predictor of extinction risk. Species that can only live in limited habitats, such as the Philippine tarsiers in Bohol or the critically endangered Cebu flowerpecker, suffer the most.
Animals for sale. On top of habitat loss, reptiles and mammals face the greatest pressure from hunting and illegal wildlife trade, especially species that are more exotic, since rarity increases their commercial value.
The researchers said this is “likely related to the fact that most species have narrow habitat breadths, greater exposure to habitat alterations, direct threats, and rapid environmental changes.”
Larger animals, smaller chances. Body size was another factor correlated with extinction risk. Larger mammals face greater danger because they reproduce more slowly and require larger territories and food resources — traits that make them less resilient to human encroachment.
The researchers said this supports the hypothesis that body mass, combined with habitat loss, increases vulnerability.
Understudied species left behind
Narrowly endemic species with small population sizes that are mostly under represented in studies are likely to face greater risk of extinction and be less prioritized for conservation.
Research efforts, for example, have focused on megafauna such as the Philippine eagle, Philippine crocodile and Tamaraw, leaving equally threatened but lesser-known animals overlooked.
At least 37% of species in the Philippines can already be found in protected areas but are still classified as "data deficient," the studied found.
What's needed to address the crisis? The researchers stressed that it will require stronger enforcement of environmental laws, expansion of protected areas as well as research on lesser-known species.
“Without urgent coordinated action informed by studies... the Philippines risks losing its irreplaceable biodiversity, particularly its unique and rare species,” they wrote.
The study was conducted by Krizler Tanalgo, Kier Dela Cruz, Angelo Agduma, Asraf Lidasan, Janine Edradan, Ryza Dumayas, Jeanrose Alagdon, Berfelyn Daniela Villaruz, and Glydel Kaye Gatoc.






