You plan to move to the Philippines? Wollen Sie auf den Philippinen leben?

There are REALLY TONS of websites telling us how, why, maybe why not and when you'll be able to move to the Philippines. I only love to tell and explain some things "between the lines". Enjoy reading, be informed, have fun and be entertained too!

Ja, es gibt tonnenweise Webseiten, die Ihnen sagen wie, warum, vielleicht warum nicht und wann Sie am besten auf die Philippinen auswandern könnten. Ich möchte Ihnen in Zukunft "zwischen den Zeilen" einige zusätzlichen Dinge berichten und erzählen. Viel Spass beim Lesen und Gute Unterhaltung!


Visitors of germanexpatinthephilippines/Besucher dieser Webseite.Ich liebe meine Flaggensammlung!

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Monday, June 15, 2020

Europas Grenzen öffnen sich wieder

Polen, Tschechien, Frankreich, Norwegen: Die wegen der Corona-Pandemie eingeführten Beschränkungen an innereuropäischen Grenzen fallen nach und nach weg. Die "günstige Entwicklung" macht's möglich.


Polen öffnet seine Grenzen zu EU-Ländern (picture-alliance/dpa/S. Sauer)
Seit 13. Juni 2020, 0 Uhr, wieder offen: die deutsch-polnische Grenze

Nach knapp drei Monaten hat Polen seine Grenzen zu allen EU-Nachbarländern wieder geöffnet. Bereits am Freitag waren die Beschränkungen an der Grenze zu Litauen weggefallen - am frühen Samstagmorgen dann auch an den Grenzen zu Deutschland, Tschechien und zur Slowakei.

Für Nicht-EU-Staaten gilt die Regelung vorerst nicht, weil nach Ansicht der polnischen Regierung in einigen Staaten insbesondere in Lateinamerika und Nordamerika die Lage immer noch besorgniserregend ist. Auch Kontrollen an Polens Grenzen zur Ukraine, Weißrussland und zur russischen Exklave Kaliningrad (Königsberg) bleiben erhalten.

Frankreich hebt die Beschränkungen an seinen Grenzen für EU-Reisende am 15. Juni weitgehend auf. Dies geschehe in Übereinstimmung mit den Empfehlungen der Europäischen Kommission, teilten das Innen- und das Außenministerium in Paris mit. Menschen aus den Mitgliedsstaaten der EU sowie aus Andorra, Island, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Norwegen, San Marino, der Schweiz und dem Vatikan dürfen dann wieder ungehindert einreisen. Ausnahmen gelten weiterhin für Spanien und Großbritannien - einschließlich einer zweiwöchigen Quarantänepflicht für Einreisende, die in beiden Ländern ebenfalls besteht.



Frankreich Carling, Grenze zu Deutschland | Coronavirus | Baguette-Übergabe (Getty Images/AFP/J.C. Verhaegen)

Wird nächste Woche abgebaut: Absperrung an der deutsch-französischen Grenze

Seine Grenzen zu Ländern außerhalb des Schengen-Raums will Frankreich ab dem 1. Juli schrittweise öffnen. Der Zeitpunkt der Öffnung werde "je nach Gesundheitslage in den verschiedenen Drittstaaten" variieren und den Vereinbarungen entsprechen, "die bis dahin auf europäischer Ebene beschlossen worden sein werden".

Auch Tschechien öffnet seine Grenzen ab Montag für Bürger fast aller EU-Staaten, der Schweiz und aus Liechtenstein. Ermöglicht werde dies durch die günstige epidemiologische Entwicklung, teilte das Gesundheitsministerium in Prag mit. Die wegen der Pandemie eingeführten Grenzkontrollen zu Deutschland und Österreich waren bereits vor einer Woche  aufgehoben worden.

Bestehen bleibt das tschechische Einreiseverbot indes für Reisende mit Wohnsitz in Belgien, Portugal, Großbritannien, Schweden sowie der polnischen Woiwodschaft Schlesien. Diese Territorien gelten nach Ansicht der Behörden als Risikogebiete für eine Coronavirus-Infektion.

Norwegen will am Montag die Grenzen zu fast allen Nachbarländern ebenfalls wieder öffnen, wie die Regierung des Schengenstaates in Oslo bekanntgab. Reisende könnten von Dänemark, Finnland und Island problemlos nach Norwegen kommen - bei Schweden gebe es regionale Regelungen: Vorerst dürften nur Besucher von der Insel Gotland einreisen, weil in den anderen Regionen Schwedens das Infektionsniveau noch nicht "akzeptabel" sei.

wa/fw (dpa, afp, rtr)

THE BEAUTY OF NATURE

In times with Covid-19, more and more friends of mine are enjoying to share beautiful places of Mindanao. Their posts on Facebook have been paired with the desire to going there if the coronavirus is gone. Then we might be free. We might be allowed to go wherever we want to go. Meanwhile, I shared the same desire and dreams with them too.

If you talk about the beauty of nature, automatically creation sings God's praise. Psalm 104 shows appreciation for every aspect of nature, even creatures like wild goats, lions, and others. The Israelites, as herders and farmers, had no romantic idealization of the outdoors. Nobody who herds sheep thinks of them as soft and fluffy pets. But to the poet who wrote Psalm 104, creatures that are no "use" to anyone still have intrinsic worth - especially to God.



The intertwining of nature is not, for the psalmist, like a complex machine, dangerously sensitive. Things fit together because a personal God watches over them. Every breath of life depends on His will.

Modern people nowadays are often preoccupied with the fear of overcrowding and poisoning nature. This might happen again if we are leaving free after the coronavirus lockdown has been lifted. The psalms show not such fear, for overcrowding and pollution were not major problems in that preindustrial civilization. Yet interestingly enough, the psalm ends with a wish that God would clean up the earth. The beauty of the earth, made by God, calls out for purity - purity of the heart.

If we will be "free" soon and able to discover our surroundings, we should ask ourselves, how does nature affect us. And, even more important: how do we affect nature?

Philippines benefits from new German aid protecting agriculture and food security

Germany just granted new assistance (around EUR 3 million or Php 165 million) to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The money is for a project benefitting also the Philippines: “Scaling-up Early Warning Early Action (EWEA) for agriculture and food security”.

The Embassy is pleased to inform about this new financial support in times of the global COVID-19 pandemic. It underlines that German support for the Philippines continues in times of crisis, and it shows that German aid looks beyond the immediate needs into the wider future.

Said initiative follows a new, forward-looking approach to humanitarian assistance. It supports high risk countries in Africa, Central Asia and the Philippines which are considered vulnerable to natural hazards and conflict. The project aims to protect agricultural livelihoods and food security of vulnerable households by acting before a disaster strikes. Therefore it reduces humanitarian needs, preventing the deterioration of food security and strengthening resilience.
In order to link early warning to early actions that can lessen the impact of a disaster, partner countries will be supported in their risk analysis, activation and implementation process among others.

#germanyinphl #botschaftMNL #humanitarianassistance #agriculture #FAO #EWEA

Thursday, June 11, 2020

4TH ROUND OF FOOD AID TO ‘PIPS’


DAVAO CITY COMPLETES 4TH ROUND OF FOOD AID TO ‘PIPS’
Posted on June 9, 2020  by administrator


The Davao City government has completed the fourth round of the food distribution to the Women/People in Prostitution (PIP) whose source of income is also affected by the movement restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic.

Gina A. Molon, in-charge of the food assistance and the Officer-in-Charge of the Pre-schooler and Children’s Concern Division (PSCCD) of the City Social Welfare and Development Office (CSWDO), said CSWDO has reached out to a total of 323 PIPs in the areas of San Pedro, Legaspi, Anda, Claveria, and Tiongco. Together with the food assistance, CSWDO also distributed hotline number cards in case they would need psychosocial assistance.

Molon said CSWDO has identified these beneficiaries previously because they are already clients of the city government’s different programs, advocacies, and livelihood assistance.

“Ato na man gyud na sila’ng kleyente. In fact, na-organize na nato sila. Naa ta’y organizations sa mga People in Prostitution (They are already our clients. In fact, we have organized them, we have organization for the People in Prostitution),” Molon said.

She added that aside from the livelihood assistance their children are also beneficiaries of the city’s educational program.“Beneficiary nato na sila sa atong mga livelihood ug sa atong educational assistance sa ilang mga kabataan (They are beneficiaries of our livelihood and the educational assistance for their children),” she noted. CIO

DAVAO CITY FIRM VS. GCQ VIOLATIONS

Posted on June 11, 2020  by administrator


The Davao City government has filed charges against over 200 persons who have violated the protocols of the community quarantine.Public Safety and Security Command Center (PSSCC) head Angel Sumagaysay said that 90 cases had already been filed in court against 277 violators for defying the rules on curfew, liquor ban, and social gathering.

Sumagaysay said that on the other hand, 145 cases had also been filed out of the 329 apprehensions for violations of the Food and Medicine Pass (FM Pass).Other cases are yet to be filed as these will be done through regular filing while other apprehended suspects are minors.

“We just have to follow the protocols, especially on the social distancing and wearing of mask,” he said. Sumagaysay said the protocols are being strictly implemented to prevent the further spread of the virus.The city has registered a total of 321 cases since the outbreak started. Of the figure, 192 have recovered but 30 have died.

Currently, 99 cases remain active. Sumagaysay also commended the police authorities for doing their job and ensure that the protocols are strictly implemented. “We are commending the security sector, particularly the Davao City Police Office for continued implementation of GCQ guidelines. We hope that Dabawenyos would cooperate and adhere to the guidelines (because) after all, this is for the good of our community,” he said.

By: CIO
Categorized in COVID-19, Peace and Order

Bundesregierung verlängert generelle Reisewarnung außerhalb Europas

Erneut hat das Kabinett über den Fortgang der Reisebeschränkungen entschieden: Innerhalb Europas sollen die Grenzkontrollen so schnell wie möglich fallen, außerhalb bleibt es bei der Reisewarnung, mindestens bis Ende August. Tourismus- und Luftfahrtbranche fordern mehr Differenzierung.


Heiko Maas
© stock.adobe.com / REUTERS / FABRIZIO BENSCH

Die Bundesregierung hat die Reisewarnung für mehr als 160 Länder außerhalb der Europäischen Union bis zum 31. August verlängert. Das hat das Bundeskabinett heute beschlossen.

Das Eckpunktepapier des Kabinetts sieht vor, dass das Pandemiegeschehen weltweit weiter beobachtet wird. Ausnahmen können für einzelne Länder gemacht werden, erläuterte Bundesaußenminister Heiko Maas (SPD). Voraussetzung sei, dass die Verbreitung des Virus ausreichend eingedämmt sei.

Anders als bei den europäischen Nachbarn gebe es für den Rest der Welt "noch nicht die gemeinsamen belastbaren Datengrundlagen, Kriterien und Abstimmungsprozesse, die einen uneingeschränkten Reiseverkehr ohne unkalkulierbare Risiken wieder möglich machen", so Maas. 

Maas weiter: 

"Die Bundesregierung hat heute entschieden, dass die weltweite Reisewarnung für alle Länder außer den Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union, den Schengen-assoziierten Staaten und dem Vereinigten Königreich vorerst bis einschließlich dem 31. August weiter gilt. Anders als bei unseren europäischen Nachbarn haben wir für den Rest der Welt heute noch nicht die gemeinsamen belastbaren Datengrundlagen, Kriterien und Abstimmungsprozesse, die einen uneingeschränkten Reiseverkehr ohne unkalkulierbare Risiken wieder möglich machen. 

Gleichzeitig ist uns sehr bewusst, dass viele Bürgerinnen und Bürger so schnell wie möglich auch außerhalb Europas wieder reisen möchten. Das betrifft Urlaubsziele in der Türkei und in Nordafrika aber auch Südostasien und Amerika. Ab wann solche Reisen auch zu touristischen Zwecken wieder vertretbar sind, wird vom Verlauf der Pandemie abhängen.
Wir werden deshalb die Reisewarnung auch vor September immer wieder auf den Prüfstand stellen, immer mit der Sicherheit der Reisenden als zentralem Kriterium. Dort - und nur dort - wo das Gesamtpaket aus positiver Pandemieentwicklung, einem stabilen Gesundheitssystem, stimmigen Sicherheitsmaßnahmen für den Tourismus und verlässlichen Hin- und auch Rückreisemöglichkeiten das zulässt, können wir möglicherweise schon früher von einer Reisewarnung zu Reisehinweisen zurückkehren.
Klar ist dabei aber auch: eine Aufhebung der Reisewarnung muss in das Gesamtbild passen. Solange pandemiebedingt Einreiseverbote aus Drittstaaten in die Europäische Union bestehen, wäre es nicht vermittelbar, wenn dort schon wieder zu Tausenden europäische Touristen unterwegs sind."

Foreign Minister Maas on the Cabinet decision concerning the extension of the worldwide travel warning until 31 August
Foreign Minister Heiko Maas issued the following statement today (10 June) on the decision by the Cabinet to extend until 31 August 2020 the warning against non-essential travel abroad for tourist purposes to all countries with the exception of the member states of the European Union, the countries associated with Schengen and the UK:
logo The German Government decided today that the worldwide travel warning for all countries except the member states of the European Union, the countries associated with Schengen and the UK will remain in place until 31 August. In contrast to our European neighbours, we do not yet have shared reliable data sources, criteria and coordination processes for the rest of the world which would make unrestricted travel possible again without incalculable risks. We can and will not risk Germans being stranded around the world again this summer or holidaymakers unsuspectingly bringing the virus back to Germany.

At the same time, we are very aware that many people would also like to travel outside Europe again as soon as possible. That applies to holiday destinations in Turkey and in North Africa, as well as South-East Asia and America. At what point such trips, also for tourist purposes, will be advisable again will depend on how the pandemic develops.

We will therefore review the travel warning on a regular basis before September and travellers’ safety will always be the central criterion. Where – and only where – the pandemic is developing positively, there is a stable healthcare system, appropriate safety measures for tourism are in place and both outward and return travel is assured, can we possibly revert at an earlier date from travel warnings to travel advisories.

However, it is clear that lifting the travel warning must fit into the overall picture. As long as there are pandemic-related bans on entries from third states to the European Union, it would be hard to justify thousands of European tourists travelling to those countries.


Reisewarnung fast für gesamten Schengenraum aufgehoben

Aufgehoben wird dagegen die Reisewarnung für die Länder in der Europäischen Union. Das selbe gilt für das gerade aus der EU ausgetretene Großbritannien sowie einzelne Staaten des grenzkontrollfreien Schengenraums, die nicht Mitglied in der EU sind: Island, die Schweiz und Liechtenstein. Die Aufhebung gilt ab 15. Juni.

Einzig Spanien und Norwegen sind von den Lockerungen aktuell noch ausgenommen - wegen noch bestehender Einreisesperren für Deutsche dort. Generell gilt aber bei allen europäischen Ländern: Sollten bestimmte Parameter in einem Land festgelegte Grenzwerte überschreiten, können auch wieder einzelne Reisewarnungen ausgesprochen werden.

Bundespolizei beendet innereuropäische Grenzkontrollen
Gleichzeitig beendet Deutschland zum 15. Juni die aufgrund der Corona-Krise eingeführten Binnengrenzkontrollen zu vier Ländern. Reisende aus Österreich, der Schweiz, Frankreich und Dänemark können dann wieder ungehindert nach Deutschland einreisen.

Bundesinnenminister Horst Seehofer (CSU) erläuterte im Anschluss an die Kabinettssitzung, dass mit dem Ende der Grenzkontrollen die Freizügigkeit innerhalb der Union wieder hergestellt werde. Das Innenministerium werde die Bundespolizei anweisen, die Kontrollen bis dahin schrittweise zurückzufahren.

Seehofer äußerte zugleich die Erwartung, dass bis Ende Juni alle Reisebeschränkungen innerhalb der EU aufgehoben werden. Zu Norwegen und Spanien sagte der Minister: "Wir handeln da gleichberechtigt", sagte Seehofer. Betroffen davon sei vor allem der Luftverkehr.

"Wirtschaftliche Erholung gefährdet"
Der Deutsche Reiseverband (DRV) kritisiert die Verlängerung der generellen Reisewarnungen für Ziele außerhalb Europas. Es brauche einen differenzierteren Ansatz, um die wirtschaftliche Erholung und die Wiederaufnahme von Handel und Tourismus nicht zu gefährden.

"Das Auswärtige Amt macht es sich mit der weltweiten Reisewarnung zu leicht. Die Pandemie klingt in sehr vielen Ländern der Welt ab. Entsprechend stellt sich das Infektionsgeschehen in den rund 160 Ländern, auf die sich die Reisewarnung bezieht, sehr unterschiedlich dar. Man soll und kann sie daher nicht alle über einen Kamm scheren", sagte DRV-Präsident Norbert Fiebig.

Man nehme zur Kenntnis, dass das Auswärtige Amt eine zweite Rückholaktion ausschließen wolle, daran dürfte die Aufhebung der Reisewarnungen jedoch nicht scheitern. "Im Fall der Fälle sorgen die deutschen Reiseveranstalter wie bisher auch dafür, dass die Gäste – sofern notwendig – vorzeitig und sicher nach Hause kommen. Die Rückholgarantie ist bei uns also inklusive – übrigens ohne Mehrkosten" so Fiebig mit Blick auf Pauschalreisen.

Auch der Flughafenverband ADV ist der Meinung, dass differenzierte Reisewarnungen schneller kommen sollten. Reisen zwischen Deutschland und Nicht-EU-Staaten sollten möglich sein, sofern das Infektionsgeschehen und die gesundheitlichen Bedingungen dies hergeben würden.

Den Wegfall der Grenzkontrollen innerhalb Europas begrüßt die ADV. Die schnelle Öffnung des Reiseverkehrs mit klaren, in einem Leitfaden definierten Sicherheitsstandards sei Anliegen der Flughäfen. "Je länger die Krise dauert, desto mehr Existenzen stehen auf dem Spiel", teilte der Verband mit.

Wednesday, June 10, 2020

Reisewarnung für mehr als 160 Länder bis Ende August!

By dpa

Reisen im Corona-Sommer bleibt eine komplizierte und unsichere Angelegenheit: Die Bundesregierung will die Reisewarnung für mehr als 160 Länder außerhalb der Europäischen Union bis zum 31. August verlängern.

Nach Informationen der Deutschen Presse-Agentur sollen jedoch Ausnahmen für einzelne Länder gemacht werden können, die bestimmte Kriterien erfüllen.

Laut der Nachrichtenagentur Reuters einigten sich Auswärtiges Amt und Innenministerium zudem darauf, von Kreuzfahrten weiter dringend abzuraten. Das Bundeskabinett solle der Regelung am Mittwoch zustimmen.

Zu den betroffenen Ländern außerhalb der Europäischen Union zählen auch Hauptreiseländer, allen voran die Türkei als drittbeliebtestes Urlaubsland der Deutschen.


► In der Bundesregierung wird Reuters zufolge darauf verwiesen, dass die Lage in vielen Staaten weltweit völlig unterschiedlich sei. Dies betreffe sowohl die Corona-Infektionszahlen, Hygieneregeln, Testkapazitäten, die Transparenz über das Infektionsgeschehen in verschiedenen Landesteilen als auch die Kapazitäten des Gesundheitssystems und Möglichkeiten der Rückreise. Deshalb soll nach dem 1. Juli individuell geprüft werden, für welche Staaten die Reisewarnung aufgehoben werden kann.

Vergangenen Freitag hatte die Europäische Union beschlossen, ab Juli die Reisebeschränkungen für Länder außerhalb der Staaten-Gemeinschaft schrittweise abzubauen.


STAY AT HOME

My column in Mindanao Daily, BusinessWeek Mindanao and Metro Cagayan de Oro Times

During corona times ‘Stay at home’ is a simple message, but as countries (Philippines not yet!) open up with social distancing guidelines, there’s more room for interpretation – especially among friends.

When people in Europe (even in my home country Germany)  were finally allowed to meet with up to 10 friends after eight weeks in lockdown, some couldn’t wait to gather over beers back at their favourite bar terrace, or host a dinner at their apartment. But others were unsure about how to socialise, and some even found themselves judging the different behaviours of people in their network.

Some of my German friends, who are all in their 30s or early 40s, are nervous about how flippantly one member of their group has been taking the risks of the virus. They told me by emails that it felt “too annoying” to wear a mask in the supermarket despite these being mandatory in other European countries. It is a transition phase.... and, certainly, people are starting to look at each other with a bit more suspicion. How about in the Philippines?

Of course, some people have small parties and get-togethers where all guidelines have gone out the window. So what's social distancing all  about?

In my opinion, it's difficult to talk to those who have broken guidelines, and ended up leaving sarcastic comments on one girl’s Snapchat, which caused her to remove him from her private story feed. Although they weren’t close, I don’t think they’ll talk going forward.

Why do we have different boundaries?

Dr.  Kate Hamilton-West, a health psychologist at the University of Kent in England, argues that whereas most people easily understood the message that “you must stay at home if that is possible” during lockdowns, it is “human nature” that more varied types of behaviours and responses will emerge if governments and institutions give people more choice.

This is partly because different personality types can be generally more or less risk-averse, or have contrasting value preferences. “Protecting others, for example, is something that people will value to different degrees... for some people, that might be less important to them than things like, for example, having autonomy over your own decision-making.”

In Sweden, which never had a lockdown, researchers from Lund University found that the strongest indicator of how likely people were to follow voluntary recommendations was their willingness to adapt their actions for the benefit of others. They measured this kind of responsible “pro-social” behaviour through surveys and game-based experiments, focused on how much they would put others at risk in order to win more money for themselves. Being pro-social was a predictor for following physical distancing and hygiene measures, buying a cloth face mask and seeking out health information about Covid-19.

"People are acting like for them, the pandemic is over,” says Gravin Wolfe van Dernoot, a student in the US state of Colorado. And several political leaders and governments all over the world too ... !

Philippines: Church warns against 'holy alcohol' for COVID-19

Churchgoers in the Philippines have been urged not to fall for products advertised as being "holy" to protect themselves from COVID-19. Besides alcohol, church leaders said there's "no such thing" as a holy face mask.   

The Catholic Church in the Philippines warned against buying "holy alcohol" and other products claiming to protect against the coronavirus.
"There is no sacramental holy alcohol that we should make the sign of the cross with when we rub it to ourselves," the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) said in a statement on Monday. "Moreover, it should not be sprinkled on the faithful."
They likewise warned that there is "no such things" as holy face masks, holy face shields, holy hand sanitizer and holy personal protective equipment.
"This is an irreverent marketing strategy or gimmick," the statement added.
They issued the warning after an archdiocese outside of the capital Manila flagged "fake news" reports about the church replacing holy water with "holy alcohol," news agency DPA reported.
The CBCP said that many churches emptied their holy water fonts in recent months to prevent the spread of the coronavirus, but that the holy water had not been replaced with rubbing alcohol.
Churches across the predominantly Catholic country were closed for months due to the COVID-19 lockdown, although some restrictions have eased starting in June. 
Some Catholic churches reopened to worshippers over the weekend, although the number of people allowed to attend mass is limited.
In Manila where the number of COVID-19 cases is higher, only 10 people are allowed to attend a mass at a time. In other areas of the country, churches are allowed to have up to 50% of their seating capacity, DPA reported.
The country has logged 22,474 COVID-19 cases so far as well as 1,011 deaths.
(C) by DW 2020

How to safely return to work and beat Covid-19 ...

... at its own game

With Metro Manila transitioning to GCQ, and many people returning to work, you need to fully understand how to avoid getting infected


By Edsel Maurice T. Salvana, MD, DTM&H, FPCP, FIDSA, MANILA BULLETIN 
As the country tries to open up after a prolonged lockdown, many employees and employers are diligently preparing their workplaces to minimize the risk of spreading COVID-19. What are the best practices to ensure we can resume work safely? Can we ever go “back to normal?” What is the best way to beat the virus at its own game?
How the virus moves from one person to anotherUnderstanding how Covid-19 spreads is key to controlling its transmission. Since SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) is a respiratory virus-like influenza, the most common route of transmission is from respiratory droplets. These are released when someone sneezes or coughs. Droplets can also be generated and released when someone is talking—but this is much less efficient than an explosive cough or sneeze. Droplets typically travel about three feet before they drop to the ground, although some may travel longer distances if there is wind or ventilation. This is the rationale behind keeping a physical distance of three to six feet from each other—chances are much less that any expelled respiratory droplets will be inhaled or swallowed. Inhalation of respiratory droplets is by far the most efficient and common way for COVID-19 to spread. The best ways to prevent droplet transmission are by consistent physical distancing and by wearing a mask.
Another path of transmission is through contact with infectious secretions. When someone sneezes, surfaces can be contaminated with respiratory droplets. If someone touches these surfaces, the droplets can transfer the infectious virus on to a person’s hands. If the person does not wash his hands and then inadvertently touches his eyes, nose, or mouth, live virus can be transferred. This route of transmission can be affected by the surface that the droplet lands on, as well as the environmental temperature which can eventually inactivate the virus the longer it stays exposed. The best ways to prevent contact transmission are by frequent handwashing and appropriate disinfection of surfaces.
The transmission number
To measure how easily a virus replicates itself and infects other people, scientists use a number called the reproductive number, abbreviated as R0 or “r-naught.” This is a theoretical number that reflects on average how many people a person with a contagious disease can infect. An R0 of one means one person infects another person before he or she recovers—the epidemic continues, but the new case numbers will remain steady over time. An R0 of two or above will result in exponential growth—one person infects two (or more), those two infect four, the four infect sixteen, and so on. The R0 of COVID-19 has been calculated to be as high as 5.7—and the exponential increase in cases seen in the US and Brazil bears this out.
When the Philippine government implemented the lockdown in March, it was working with reported data from Wuhan, China where the R0 was shown to be as high as 3.8, but post-lockdown it went down to 0.3. An R0 of less than one can result in the termination of an epidemic, although this is hard to achieve. A lockdown was the only intervention that showed any good evidence of working.
The epidemic in Italy at that time stood out as a stark warning that using usual thresholds of deciding when to lock down were not enough to mitigate the exponential growth that has characterized this virus. The Philippine government, with a much smaller healthcare capacity than Italy, decided to act. We were the first developing country to shut down its capital, at only 52 cases. Eight weeks later, the R0 has been brought down from about 3, to near 1.0. Not perfect, but potentially tens of thousands of Filipino lives were saved (Figure 1).
Figure 1. R0 of COVID-19 in the Philippines over time. Courtesy of Epimetrics.
Screen Shot 2020-06-01 at 4.15.12 PM
Keeping R0 at or below 1As we begin to ease ECQ, we also release physical controls on the virus. The potential for R0 to suddenly surge is always present, but the virus may be kept at bay with interventions to interrupt transmission. For those returning to work, it will be essential to rely on actions that limit the potential for the virus to transfer from one person to another.
The following measures can help limit the spread of the virus in the workplace.
Don’t go to work if you feel sick. While absenteeism is generally frowned upon, now is not the time to tough it out when you feel under the weather. That cough or cold could just be the usual respiratory infection, but it could also be Covid-19. In order to lessen the chance of transmission, stay home if you feel ill. Employers should allow flexible work arrangements for those at risk and for those who have symptoms that might be due to Covid-19. Staying home when you feel sick is the right thing to do.
Wear a mask. A cloth mask should be enough if you don’t have any symptoms. The main reason for wearing the mask is so that you do not transmit virus in case you are infected with Covid-19 but have not yet developed symptoms. Wearing a mask is an act of solidarity—you are doing it for other people and not just yourself. If you have overt respiratory symptoms, use a surgical mask and contact a healthcare professional. Leave the N95 masks for healthcare workers. These need to be specially fitted and can be very uncomfortable.
When wearing a mask, cover both your nose and mouth. Do not touch the front part of the mask, and adjust it using the ear loops. If you accidentally touch the front of the mask, wash your hands immediately.
When you are done wearing the mask, remove it by the ear loops or ties. If it is a washable cloth mask, soak it in water with detergent immediately. Always wash your hands right after handling a used mask. Avoid touching your face.
Maintain physical distancing. “Six feet apart or six feet under,” goes the saying. It sounds morbid but staying at least three to six feet from one another precludes respiratory droplet transmission.
Wash your hands. Even if you get your hands contaminated with Covid-19, the virus still has to get into your body. Washing your hands with soap and water will inactivate the virus, because soap strips off the lipid coating of the virus, which is necessary for it to infect human cells.
Select the right test for the right people. There is no perfect swab or blood test that can pick out asymptomatic carriers. Testing may be requested and carried out at some workplaces with employees’ consent, with the employer shouldering the cost. There is no required test for returning to work as long as you have not been sick in the last 14 days. Just screening of returning workers for symptoms using health questionnaires or similar tools eliminates about 85 percent of the potential for transmission. Beyond testing, engineering the workplace to be Covid-19- proof is the best way to deal with undetected asymptomatic carriers.
Arrange transport that enables social distancing. This may be the most challenging for those who take public transport. While DOTr has come up with guidelines, the ideal for workers who need to be physically present is still onsite housing. Other options include dedicated company shuttles, using bicycles, or walking when feasible. More and more public transport providers are accepting contactless payment systems, and more innovations, with hope, will be incorporated to decrease the risk of spread.
Transitioning to a safer work environment is essential in this time of COVID-19. We know a lot more about this virus than we used to, and we can use that knowledge to protect ourselves. The only way forward is to learn to safely live with this virus until an effective vaccine is found. Life needs to go on—we just have to manage the risk of infection and protect ourselves and our loved ones as best we can.
Edsel Maurice T. Salvana, MD, DTM&H, FPCP, FIDSA is an internationally-recognized infectious diseases specialist and molecular biologist at the University of the Philippines and the Philippine General Hospital. He is the director of the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology at the National Institutes of Health at UP Manila. He has spoken and written extensively on the COVID-19 outbreak, and serves on the Technical Advisory Group of the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID).