November orchid of the month: Phalaenopsis

BY JAMES TABABA

Nov 4, 2023 01:00 PM

  

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Phalaenopsis aphrodite (Manila Bulletin Agriculture)

Phalaenopsis orchids, often referred to as moth, mariposa, or butterfly orchids due to their wing-like flowers which come in various colors and patterns, have captivated the hearts of many plant enthusiasts and hobbyists.

The Phalaenopsis orchid is classified as a monopodial orchid, signifying that it possesses a single point of growth and continues to grow indefinitely. In the Philippines alone, we are fortunate to be home to over 20 distinct species of Phalaenopsis orchids. This orchid variety holds a significant position in the global floriculture economy, primarily cultivated for two purposes — as cut flowers or as flowering potted plants.

Phalaenopsis equestris (Manila Bulletin Agriculture)

The diversity of Phalaenopsis

The classic appearance of the Phalaenopsis orchid is characterized by a lengthy spike, with its flowers being round and evenly spaced. However, it's worth noting that within the Phalaenopsis family, there are numerous species that deviate from this rounded form and instead exhibit a star-shaped appearance. These unique varieties are often referred to as novelty Phalaenopsis.

Among the Phalaenopsis species from the Philippines that significantly contribute to the gene pool of Phalaenopsis hybrids are Phalaenopsis amabilis, Phalaenopsis aphrodite, Phalaenopsis stuartiana, Phalaenopsis schilleriana, Phalaenopsis philippinensis, and Phalaenopsis sanderiana.

 Phalaenopsis schilleriana (Manila Bulletin Agriculture)

Through intensive breeding efforts, growers have introduced a wide array of new forms into the market, featuring patterns like splashes, spots, and candy stripes. However, it's important to note that the classic white Phalaenopsis orchids remain the most sought-after and marketable. While they can be relatively pricey, with some flowering plants costing up to P700, they continue to be a preferred choice.

The perfect indoor plant

Phalaenopsis orchids have earned the reputation of being excellent indoor plants. When kept indoors, their flowers can maintain their beauty for an impressive three months, often producing between six to 15 blooms during this period. While they can rebloom, it may require up to six months of rest before they flower again. These orchids are not only compact and long-lasting but also relatively affordable, making them a popular choice for indoor plant enthusiasts.

Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica (Manila Bulletin Agriculture)

Another noteworthy quality of Phalaenopsis orchids is their compact size when compared to other orchid varieties, such as Vandas, which can grow up to 2 feet in height and have extensive root systems. Phalaenopsis orchids can thrive in relatively small pots and are highly adaptable to confined spaces, which makes them easy to package and transport.

Growing requirements and challenges

Phalaenopsis orchids naturally thrive in mountainous and forested regions characterized by cooler climates and high humidity. Cultivating them in lowland areas can pose challenges. To encourage blooming, people often transport their Phalaenopsis orchids to cooler provinces like Quezon and Batangas. Once the orchids bloom, they return them to Manila. While Phalaenopsis can adapt to warmer climates, flowering may be less conducive.

Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi (Manila Bulletin Agriculture)

Phalaenopsis leaves resemble broad tongues, rendering the plant vulnerable to sunburn. Therefore, they should be placed in areas with filtered sunlight. Adequate air circulation is crucial to prevent the development of pests and diseases, particularly red spider mites and certain piercing-sucking insects that target the leaves. Additionally, some birds have a tendency to peck at the orchid buds. Ideally, these plants should be housed in a greenhouse to shield them from these threats.

Watering should occur approximately once a week. Traditionally, coconut husk and charcoal are some of the commonly used growing media in the Philippines, but in large commercial production, white sphagnum moss is preferred due to its excellent water retention, reducing the frequency of watering. However, it's essential to compact the white sphagnum moss to prevent waterlogging, which can lead to root rot.

Phalaenopsis pulcherrhima var. chumpornensis alba (Manila Bulletin Agriculture)

Fertilization can be achieved through slow-release fertilizers that last up to two months or traditional foliar fertilizers applied once or twice a week.

One challenge with Phalaenopsis cultivation is its susceptibility to rot. While commercial Phalaenopsis exhibit upright growth, their natural growth tends to be pendulous, allowing water to run off and preventing moisture from accumulating in the crown. Training Phalaenopsis for upright growth makes them more susceptible to rot. To mitigate this risk, watering should be done in the early morning or afternoon, ensuring that the plant is dry before dusk.

Phalaenopsis bellina (Manila Bulletin Agriculture)

Versatile use

Phalaenopsis orchids are versatile and suitable for a wide range of occasions. They are commonly seen adorning offices, hotels, and homes, adding an elegant touch to interior decor. During special events like Valentine's Day, Phalaenopsis with shades of purple and red make for a thoughtful and romantic gift.

At weddings, brides often carry bouquets of pristine white Phalaenopsis as they make their way down the aisle, adding an element of grace and sophistication to the ceremony.

A hybrid Phalaenopsis (Manila Bulletin Agriculture)

Some traders resort to dyeing techniques by adding coloring agents to the water in which white flowering Phalaenopsis are placed. This enables the orchids to absorb the dye and bloom in specific colors, prominently with blue color. Blue is not naturally present in the Phalaenopsis genome. However, in Japan, a breakthrough was achieved by genetically engineering the Phalaenopsis plant using a gene derived from Commelina communis, resulting in the creation of a true blue Phalaenopsis variety. This innovation marked a significant milestone in the world of orchid cultivation, expanding the color spectrum of these beautiful flowers.

Phalaenopsis orchids, with their breathtaking beauty and adaptability, have rightfully earned their place as one of the most beloved orchid plants. Their charm, diverse forms, and relatively easy care make them an ideal choice for both seasoned gardeners and beginners alike.

Photo courtesy of Manila Bulletin Agriculture

Read more about farming and gardening at agriculture.com.ph

Nutty by nature: This nursery in Davao supplies dwarf coconut varieties across the Philippines

BY JAMES TABABA

Oct 10, 2023 01:00 PM

  

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The Tacunan dwarf coconut variety is known for its exceptionally thick coconut meat, surpassing that of many other coconut varieties. (Pantollano Coconut Farm)

Lloyd Pantollano, the owner of Pantollano Coconut Farm, is a certified producer of dwarf coconuts in Davao City. Holding accreditation and trader certificates issued by the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA), he specializes in the cultivation and distribution of various coconut varieties. His primary focus centers on the propagation of coconut seedlings.

Lloyd pursued a college course in computer science, a field different from his current occupation. His venture into the coconut seedling business began in 2012, following his employment with the Philippine Coconut Authority, where he worked from 2006 to 2020. In 2020, he made the decision to resign from PCA to concentrate fully on his coconut business.

 Lloyd Pantollano is  owner of Pantollano Coconut Farm in Davao City. (Pantollano Coconut Farm)

His main nursery is located in Davao City, complemented by another branch in Surigao City. Additionally, Lloyd manages a coconut farm in Digos City, Davao Del Sur.

A commitment to quality

Lloyd has dedicated over a decade to his coconut seedling business, serving as a reliable supplier not only within Mindanao but also in the distant regions of Luzon and Visayas. His clients extend to several farms in locations such as Pangasinan, Quezon, Palawan, Davao, and many others, demonstrating his extensive reach within the industry.

Hauling coconut seed nuts for delivery involves carefully transporting the cargo to its destination. (Pantollano Coconut Farm)

Lloyd's farming business revolves around coconut seedling production, encompassing the germination process from mother trees, seed management, and the meticulous care of seedlings in the nursery. He also obtained Good Agricultural Practices accreditation from the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA).

"I am drawn to engage in coconut seedling production because coconuts are easy to maintain during the germination and seedbed preparation process,” Lloyd said in Tagalog.

Using trucks to transport coconut seed nuts is an efficient and practical method. (Pantollano Coconut Farm)

Lloyd takes great care to guarantee the quality of his seedlings. This commitment is reflected in his marketing strategy, where he consistently promotes his products as "quality dwarf coconut." He is dedicated in his resolve not to offer his customers anything less than superior quality coconut seedlings.

Lloyd emphasizes the vital importance of sourcing planting material for coconut production.. “Buyers should consistently opt for traders and producers who possess certification from the Philippine Coconut Authority, as it serves as a crucial guarantee that they are obtaining the desired coconut varieties,” Lloyd said. “This is particularly important given that distinguishing between dwarf and tall varieties is not easily achievable solely by examining seedlings.”

Propagating coconut seeds in black plastic bags is a common horticultural practice that provides a controlled and nurturing environment for the young seedlings' early growth stages. (Pantollano Coconut Farm)

Given that coconut trees require three years to bear fruit, Lloyd stresses the potential repercussions of purchasing inferior coconuts or the wrong varieties, which can result in a waste of time and money.

"I highly value customer feedback,” Lloyd said. “I am committed to supporting coconut farmers and providing them with what they truly need. Thankfully, I have not received any negative feedback from my customers."

Labeling the coconut seed bed in the nursery is of utmost importance as it ensures proper identification and organization of different coconut varieties. (Pantollano Coconut Farm)

The early-bearing dwarf coconuts

According to Lloyd, Farmers are often drawn to cultivating dwarf coconut varieties due to their early-bearing nature. For instance, the Tacunan dwarf variety stands out as its fruits appear to almost touch the ground when they start bearing. Within a relatively short period of three years, dwarf coconut trees begin to produce flowers, allowing for continuous harvesting in the following year. The differences between dwarf and tall coconut varieties are relatively minor. However, when considering the practical aspects, dwarf varieties often prove superior. They require less labor for harvesting and are easier to manage.

Over a span of 20 years, dwarf coconut trees typically reach a maximum height of 20 feet, which is shorter than their tall counterparts. This feature further contributes to their appeal among farmers.

Carefully placing and securing coconut seedlings in sacks is a step in preparing them for delivery. (Pantollano Coconut Farm)

The best-selling variety among Lloyd's coconuts is the Tacunan dwarf. This variety, categorized as a regular dwarf, features medium to large nuts with relatively thicker meat compared to other options. It's a top choice for those interested in coconut meat and copra production.

Another popular choice is the Aromatic green dwarf variety. While its fruit is smaller than the Tacunan dwarf, it yields more fruit in a bunch. The Aromatic green dwarf is known for its sweeter coconut water, making it a favorable choice for coconut sugar production.

The transportation of coconut seedlings from the nursery in Davao to Manila via bus cargo. (Pantollano Coconut Farm)

In addition to the Tacunan Dwarf and Aromatic Dwarf coconut varieties, Lloyd's offers a diverse selection of other options including the Catigan Dwarf, Laguna Tall, Malayan Red Dwarf, Golden King Dwarf, Tagnanan Tall, Buko Pandan Dwarf, and Macapuno embryo seedlings.

For those interested in purchasing coconut seedlings outside of Mindanao, the seedlings are shipped via bus cargo for pickup in Pasay, Manila. Meanwhile, for customers in Visayas, the seedlings are shipped via air cargo. However, customers within Davao and nearby provionces have the option to pick up their orders directly from the nursery.

The Catigan dwarf coconut variety is valued for its compact size and high-yield potential. (Pantollano Coconut Farm)

Quality management matters

Lloyd recognizes that all coconut varieties possess their unique qualities. However, “the quality of the coconuts produced hinges on tree management practices, including fertilizer management, cultural techniques, and sanitation practices,” he said. “Engaging in coconut production demands a dedicated focus, as neglecting the maintenance and management of coconut trees can lead to a diminished quality of fruit."

Challenges in coconut nursery management

One of the primary challenges Lloyd faced in coconut nursery management is coping with the dry season, which highlighted the need for irrigation. During this period, the absence of rain demands additional expenses for irrigation. The second challenge arises during periods of low coconut demand, typically coinciding with the Christmas season and the times when students are graduating and enrolling in schools. Conversely, the peak season for heightened coconut demand typically occurs during the rainy season.

The meticulous selection of coconut seed nuts in the nursery is a fundamental practice, ensuring that only the healthiest and most robust seeds are chosen for selling. (Pantollano Coconut Farm)

Lloyd stated that the primary pests affecting mature coconut trees are the coconut rhinoceros beetles, locally known as bakukang, and slug caterpillars, referred to as sampiring by locals. To combat slug caterpillars, he applies insecticides to the coconut tree leaves. In the case of the rhinoceros beetle, Lloyd employs pheromone traps as an effective control measure.

Coconut farming as a resilient business

Lloyd recognizes that coconut farming presents a good business opportunity. He acknowledges that, even during periods of declining coconut prices, the continued production ensures a steady income stream.

Utilizing net shading in the coconut nursery is a strategic measure to protect young seedlings from excessive sunlight and harsh weather conditions. (Pantollano Coconut Farm)

"While some coconut farmers may quickly become discouraged when coconut prices are low, there are alternative avenues to boost income,” Lloyd said. “Coconuts offer versatile opportunities for processing beyond merely selling the nuts and copra; they can be transformed into various products such as coconut sugar, coconut honey, and more."

Lloyd encourages coconut farmers to explore these avenues to increase their income and resilience.

The aromatic green dwarf coconut variety stands out as an exceptional choice for coconut sugar production due to its high sap yield and sugar content. (Pantollano Coconut Farm)

The importance of hands-on management and certifications

In the coconut nursery business, Lloyd values the importance of hands-on involvement in production, management, and people leadership. He places a strong emphasis on the selection and quality control of coconuts, ensuring that the coconut seedlings offered for sale are both healthy and free from pests.

Lloyd also stresses the necessity for all coconut farmers engaged in this business to secure the requisite permits. “Every coconut farmer involved in this business should obtain the necessary permits,” he said. ‘Even if you don't possess a business permit yet, you can use a barangay permit as a preliminary document to apply for a permit from the Philippine Coconut Authority as a trader.”

Collecting the coconut seedlings at the right time after the emergence of shoots. (Pantollano Coconut Farm)

Furthermore, Lloyd stated that aspiring traders must provide proof of the source of their seedlings, demonstrating that they originate from a PCA-accredited seed bank. “If one possesses a mother plant and aspires to become a nursery operator, it is necessary to undergo evaluation and accreditation by the PCA for official registration,” he added.

In the upcoming article, Lloyd will impart valuable insights and tips on nurturing your coconut seedlings successfully after acquiring them from the nursery.

READ: Seven essential care tips for nurturing coconut seedlings

Photo courtesy of Pantollano Coconut Farm

September orchid of the month: Paphiopedilum

BY JAMES TABABA

Sep 7, 2023 12:58 PM

  

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Paphiopedilum philippinense (Manila Bulletin Agriculture)

Paphiopedilum, commonly known as the lady’s slipper orchid, is a fascinating group of plants included in the Appendix I list of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Being classified under CITES Appendix I means it is a critically endangered plant species subject to stringent international trade regulations that aim to safeguard its survival and prevent further decline.

Paphiopedilum orchids are highly regarded in the horticultural world due to their multifloral nature, producing many flowers on a single stem. Orchid collectors and enthusiasts find them appealing because of their texture, elegance, and diverse range of colors which include purple, brown, green, yellow, and white. Their flowers resemble a lady's slipper, characterized by bulbous labellum, elongated petals, prominent dorsal sepals, and fused lateral sepals.

Paphiopedilum philippinense (Manila Bulletin Agriculture)

Natural habitat and growing conditions

In the Philippines, the most prevalent type is the Paphiopedilum philippinense, which is found extensively in the country and extends to Borneo. These beautiful orchids are native to the Philippines, where two-thirds of the species are endemic, existing only within the country's borders. Paphiopedilum philippinense has been observed growing on limestone in coastal areas. The porous nature of limestone allows the roots to permeate and store water, making it the preferred growing medium for these orchids. Despite being called "ground orchids," Paphiopedilum does not grow directly in soil but rather on detritus or decaying vegetation found on the forest floor. In some instances, they can be seen growing on tree branches.

Paphiopedilum philippinense (Manila Bulletin Agriculture)

Cultivating Paphiopedilum can be challenging, especially when taken outside their natural habitat. Laboratory-grown Paphiopedilum orchids tend to be easier to grow than those taken from the wild, as they have already been selected and acclimated to controlled conditions. For successful cultivation, it is essential to mimic their natural environment as closely as possible.

Potting mix and container

Paphiopedilum orchids can be grown on various mediums such as bark, limestone, crushed stones, or marbles. Some sellers in Cebu even use crushed crab shells, which should be thoroughly washed and sterilized to remove excess salt. Additional components like coconut husk and charcoal can be added to the potting mix. To ensure stability, it is essential to plant the orchid firmly and avoid wobbling. The plant can be bound or secured on sticks or wires for added support. 

A Paphiopedilum hybrid of Paphiopedilum philippinense and Indonesia's pride, Paphiopedilum rothschildianum from Borneo. (Manila Bulletin Agriculture)

While most orchids' pot size is determined by the length of the leaves or canopy, Paphiopedilum prefers smaller pots, sometimes as little as a two-inch width, but adequate to keep the plant upright. It is crucial that only the roots have contact with the growing medium to prevent rot and diseases caused by leaf-media contact.

Light and water requirements

Paphiopedilum thrives in bright, indirect sunlight. Placing them under a single layer of net shade will provide sufficient lighting. These orchids require watering once a day.  A slow-release fertilizer is preferred, although any balanced fertilizer will suffice.

Paphiopedilum lowii from Palawan (Manila Bulletin Agriculture)

Proper ventilation and air movement

While Paphiopedilum is considered a ground orchid, better growth is often achieved when the plant is hung, allowing for proper ventilation and air movement. The most common problems encountered when growing these orchids are mites and leaf scales, which typically occur due to overcrowding. Additionally, Paphiopedilum orchids are susceptible to bacterial and fungal diseases. However, these issues can be minimized by meeting the basic requirements of adequate sunlight, proper spacing between plants, and avoiding leaf contact between plants. If any signs of browning on the leaves are visible, the affected parts should be promptly removed to prevent disease spread.

Paphiopedilum exhibits an exotic ornamental appearance, making it a sought-after plant. However, its relative rarity and specialized care requirements contribute to its higher cost, appealing more to connoisseur orchid growers rather than a mainstream choice. 

Photo courtesy of Manila Bulletin Agriculture