There are a lot of them, but the long compound words are boring, and kind of a cheat. After all, they’re ideas that can easily be translated, just into multiple words in other languages.
Let’s look specifically at a lexeme that doesn’t translate.
Let’s talk about “doch”
“Doch”, functionally, is a word that is used to refute something in a positive sense. That means, it’s the opposite of “not”.
To translate it, you have to select from an entire list of words in English, and in other languages that I’m familiar with so far. Depending on its usage, it can mean “anyway”, “after all”, “but”, or “ya-huh!”(in the immortal sense of children arguing on a playground). It can also be used as an amorphous mood (in the linguistic sense of mood) marker. Examples as follows.
Examples: (doch-words in bold)
Er wollte ein Haus kaufen, doch er hatte kein Geld. - He wanted to buy a house, but he didn’t have money.
Zuerst wollte er die Stelle nicht, dann hat er sie aber doch angenommen. - At first he didn’t want the position, but then he accepted it after all.
Sie war krankgeschrieben, aber sie ist doch zur Arbeit gegangen. - She was sick, but went to work anyway.
Das ist doch blöd - Well this sucks. (Just like with “well” in English with this usage, the word doch doesn’t carry explicit meaning here, it just adds tone)
Doch, ich war dabei. - Yes, I was there! (as a response to someone claiming you weren’t)
