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Bisaya is the colloquial term for Cebuano, a Philippine language originally spoken in Cebu, but now used as a lingua franca in Central Visayas and many parts of Mindanao. As such, speaking Bisaya/Cebuano and being an ethnic Cebuano are not mutually exclusive. Nearly 20 million or 1 out of 5 Filipinos speaking Bisaya as their first language.
A bit confusing is that Bisaya/Cebuano also belongs to a wider family of languages known as Visayan languages which includes Hiligaynon, Waray, Capizon, Aklanon, Boholano, Surigaonon, Tausug, and many more. The archipelagic (island) nature of the Philippines is responsible for the variety of forms.
Bisaya and other Visayan languages are still sometimes erroneously labeled as dialects with the root language being Tagalog. This is false. Bisaya and Tagalog are sister Philippine languages.
Most Tagalog native speakers don’t comprehend or use Bisaya for the simple reason that there’s no compelling reason to learn it. The Tagalog homeland consists of Southern Luzon, parts of Central Luzon, and the National Capital Region or Metro Manila. Combined they contribute to more than 50% of the Philippines’ GDP in 2019[1]. The business and finance sectors, heavy industries, shipping, top universities, media networks and seat of government are all in Metro Manila. Tagalog is the dominant language of business, governance, and education. The bulk of the population leans heavily towards these regions as well[2].
A close parallel would be the role of English in the world today. People from Anglophone countries like the UK, US, and Australia often speak a single language - English. The universality and prominence of English globally means Anglophones don’t need to master French or Spanish or Mandarin or Hindi. Rather, it’s the other way around.
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